Class:- M.A.Sem-4
Paper No.:- 15 Mass Communication & Media Studies-An Introduction
Assignment Topic:- Development of Television & it's performance as a means of Education
Submitted To:- MKBU Dept Of English
Year:- 2015-17
Introduction of Television:-
How can we say that television is more important in our life? Can we
imagine world without television. Radio, TV, Computer or any other tools
through us get information. Television also includes so many programmes
to children to adult. It’s not measure any age group. Entertainment,
knowledge, news of whole world, education, politics, economics, these
all things are included in this. So, without television we can’t imagine
our world.
Television in India is a huge
industry which has thousands of programmes in many languages. The small
screen has produced numerous celebrities, of whom, a few attain national
fame, and go on to become members of the two houses, Lok Sabha and
Rajya Sabha. More than half of all Indian households own a television.
As of 2012, the country has a collection of over 823 channels of which
184 are pay channels.
The story of Indian Television:-
For
more than a decade, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
managed to hold out against demands from educational institutions,
industrialists, politicians and indeed the middle classes in urban areas
for the introduction of Television. But the 1959, Philips made an offer
to the Government of a transmitter at a reduced cost. Earlier Philip
demonstrated its use at an exhibition in New Delhi. The Government gave
in, with the aim of employing it on an experimental basis ‘to train
personnel, and partly to discover what TV could achieve in community
development and formal education A UNESCO grant of 20,000 for the
purchase of community receivers and a United States offer of some
equipment proved much too tempting to resist, and on September 15, 1959,
the Delhi Television centre went on air.
Entertainment
and information programmes were introduced from August 1965, in
addition to social education programmes for which purpose alone TV had
been introduced in the capital. The Federal Republic of Germany helped
in setting up a TV production studio.
In
1977, terrestrial transmitter were put up at Jaipur, Hyderabad, Raipur,
Gulbarga, Sambhalpur and Muzaffarpur, to, extend Television coverage to a
population of more than 100 million. For the first time in the history
of Indian broadcasting, political parties shared equal Radio and TV time
with the ruling party for their election campaigns. At the close of the
1990s, there were 58 million Television sets in the country, with
around 15 million connected to neighborhood cable networks.
Television Channels and networks:-
The
central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in
1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the
government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited
operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all
subsequent federal administrations.
Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.
Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.
Cable Television:-
As
per the TAM Annual Universe Update – 2015, India now has over 167
million households with television sets, of which over 161 million have
access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 84 million households
which are DTH subscribers.
Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014.
The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services.
Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014.
The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services.
According to this amendment made in
the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment
Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making
Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would
be able to access digital services only through a set top box (STB).It
is also estimated that India now has over 823 TV channels covering all
the main languages spoken in the nation.
Star
TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian
broadcasting space that had so far been monopolized by the Indian
government-owned Doordarshan:
MTV
Star Plus
Star Movies
BBC
Prime Sports
Star Chinese Channel
MTV
Star Plus
Star Movies
BBC
Prime Sports
Star Chinese Channel
Soon
after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian
channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network
(ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic
Channel made their foray into India.
Throughout
the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi -language channels, several
regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By
2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing
service.
In 1999–2003, other international
channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon
Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion
of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are
NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak.
The most recent
channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV
Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more
new channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.
Conditional Access System:-
CAS
or conditional access system is a digital mode of transmitting TV
channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are
encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt
the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.
It
was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the
four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003,
where until very recently it had managed to attract very few
subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros
of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.
As of April
2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology.
The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the
inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.
Satellite Television:-
As of 2012, over 823 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned Star TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asia net.
Direct to Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.
As of 2012, over 823 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned Star TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asia net.
Direct to Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.
Tata Sky Dish India:-
These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.
Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.
These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.
Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.
Internet Protocol Television:-
IPTV a joint venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic, Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive Karaoke channel, The IPTV Operator uses the UT Star com Rolling Stream IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.
IPTV a joint venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic, Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive Karaoke channel, The IPTV Operator uses the UT Star com Rolling Stream IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.
ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION:-
Television
has been given considerable importance in many countries as a source
and a tool of teaching. The success stories of using television for
education in many countries has negated the concept that television is
basically on entertainment oriented medium and it is hostile to
thoughts. Television is adaptable and can follow different approaches
when used in the different educational situations. The medium is used
for formal, non-formal and informal education. To support formal
education, television usually function as supportive and reinforcement
tool. Television can be attached with school curriculum and time
tables. When systematically organized it takes the form of school
broadcast. In non-formal education, television has a more specific role
to play. When used as a part of multi-media communication tool,
television can directly or indirectly teach the subject matter.
Importance
of television to communicate information, idea, skills and attitudes
has been affirmed by researches. You should attempt to study various
reports published on educational television in different countries in
different situations. In the words of Director BBC “next to home and
school I believer television to have a more profound influence on human
race then any other medium of communication.”
If media is to work as an effective teaching tool then certainly it is helping hand towards, achieving the aim and objectives of education. Media is an agent of boost cultural economic and social development activity. Television, as an important mass medium disseminates education through formal and information methods.
Television also continues to benefit the masses by making them conscious of the environment, rights, duties and privilege. It is a source of teaching etiquettes, language skills, hobbies, social relations and religious believes.
Role of television is neither fixed nor easily tangible and measurable. The role is directly related to the question of how the planners are serious and determined to use television. The role could either be enormous or, on the contrary very meager depending upon the specific tasks and available resources. Generally television can help to achieve the following objectives:-
a) Social quality in education
b) Enhance quality in education
c) Reduce dependency on verbal teaching and teachers
d) Provide flexibility of time and space in learning.
e) Stimulates learning
f) Provide mass education opportunities.
As far the impact of education television it should rather be studied in more narrow and specific areas. In the world of scram; TV is more effective in teaching mathematic, science and social studies. Where as history, humanities, and literature has not benefited from this medium the same degree.
The impact of television on macro level should be studied in three areas namely;
i) Teacher’s Competencies
ii) Student’s Competencies
iii) Effects on general viewers
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES OF AIOU
AIOU is a distance learning institution. Students in this system are not supposed to come at campus for class study. However, the “open learning system” of AIOU is not absolutely parallel to that of independent studies by the private and external students who are registered with the boards or universities and appear only for the final examination. They get degree on successful completion of terms. AIOU learning system is more systematic and disciplined.
For the purpose of educational programme of AIOU, electronic media is used for a variety of purposes depending on the requirement of the courses and teaching methodologies. Follow is the summary of various uses of television;
i) To show practical application of principle already written in the textbooks and to show the laboratory work and demonstrations.
ii) To humanize distance education and to improve language skills and teaching skills by showing model teaching techniques.
iii) To show real life situation and microscope things on magnified scale
iv) Animations, dramatic presentations, slow motions and case studies.
AIOU has so far produced more than four hundred television programmes and many non-broadcast audio-visual cassettes. Slide tapes and flip charts are also used as visual media. Television is used in sciences, technical and vocational subjects. The demonstration through television helps to substitute the laboratory experiments. In social science and language, television is used to show real life situation. Television also helps to understand information, which is too complex for the written or spoken explanation.
If media is to work as an effective teaching tool then certainly it is helping hand towards, achieving the aim and objectives of education. Media is an agent of boost cultural economic and social development activity. Television, as an important mass medium disseminates education through formal and information methods.
Television also continues to benefit the masses by making them conscious of the environment, rights, duties and privilege. It is a source of teaching etiquettes, language skills, hobbies, social relations and religious believes.
Role of television is neither fixed nor easily tangible and measurable. The role is directly related to the question of how the planners are serious and determined to use television. The role could either be enormous or, on the contrary very meager depending upon the specific tasks and available resources. Generally television can help to achieve the following objectives:-
a) Social quality in education
b) Enhance quality in education
c) Reduce dependency on verbal teaching and teachers
d) Provide flexibility of time and space in learning.
e) Stimulates learning
f) Provide mass education opportunities.
As far the impact of education television it should rather be studied in more narrow and specific areas. In the world of scram; TV is more effective in teaching mathematic, science and social studies. Where as history, humanities, and literature has not benefited from this medium the same degree.
The impact of television on macro level should be studied in three areas namely;
i) Teacher’s Competencies
ii) Student’s Competencies
iii) Effects on general viewers
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES OF AIOU
AIOU is a distance learning institution. Students in this system are not supposed to come at campus for class study. However, the “open learning system” of AIOU is not absolutely parallel to that of independent studies by the private and external students who are registered with the boards or universities and appear only for the final examination. They get degree on successful completion of terms. AIOU learning system is more systematic and disciplined.
For the purpose of educational programme of AIOU, electronic media is used for a variety of purposes depending on the requirement of the courses and teaching methodologies. Follow is the summary of various uses of television;
i) To show practical application of principle already written in the textbooks and to show the laboratory work and demonstrations.
ii) To humanize distance education and to improve language skills and teaching skills by showing model teaching techniques.
iii) To show real life situation and microscope things on magnified scale
iv) Animations, dramatic presentations, slow motions and case studies.
AIOU has so far produced more than four hundred television programmes and many non-broadcast audio-visual cassettes. Slide tapes and flip charts are also used as visual media. Television is used in sciences, technical and vocational subjects. The demonstration through television helps to substitute the laboratory experiments. In social science and language, television is used to show real life situation. Television also helps to understand information, which is too complex for the written or spoken explanation.
No comments:
Post a Comment