Series of The Harry Potter

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 Name:- Poojaba S.GohilClass:- M.A.Sem-4
Paper No.:- 13 The New Literature
Assignment Topic:- Series Of The Harry Potter
Submitted To:- MKBU Dept Of English
Year:- 2015-17

Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).

The series was mainly produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson as the three leading characters: Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger. Four directors worked on the series: Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, and David Yates.The screenplays were written by Steve Kloves, with the exception of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007), which was written by Michael Goldenberg. Production took over ten years to complete, with the main story arc following Harry Potter's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort.

"Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime. Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world, it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic. I can't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris [Columbus]".
— Lorenzo di Bonaventura, Warner Bros.

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone:-

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling's debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harry's parents, but failed to kill Harry when he was just a year old.

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, along with the rest of the Harry Potter series, has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft, but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints, including the power of self-sacrifice and the ways in which people's decisions shape their personalities. The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis and marketing.

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets:-

Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is the second novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. The plot follows Harry's second year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, during which a series of messages on the walls of the school's corridors warn that the "Chamber of Secrets" has been opened and that the "heir of Slytherin" would kill all pupils who do not come from all-magical families.
These threats are found after attacks which leave residents of the school "petrified" (frozen like stone). Throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks.
Much like with other novels in the series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets triggered religious debates; some religious authorities have condemned its use of magical themes, while others have praised its emphasis on self-sacrifice and on the way in which a person's character is the result of the person's choices.

Several commentators have noted that personal identity is a strong theme in the book, and that it addresses issues of racism through the treatment of non-magical, non-human and non-living characters. Some commentators regard the diary as a warning against uncritical acceptance of information from sources whose motives and reliability cannot be checked. Institutional authority is portrayed as self-serving and incompetent.

The book is also known to have some connections to the sixth novel of the series, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.
The film adaptation of the novel, released in 2002, became (at that time) the seventh highest-grossing film ever and received generally favourable reviews. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban:-

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. The book follows Harry Potter, a young wizard, in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Along with friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, Harry investigates Sirius Black, an escaped prisoner from Azkaban who they believe is one of Lord Voldemort's old allies.

The film adaptation of the novel was released in 2004, grossing more than $796 million and earned notable critical acclaim. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews.

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire:-

Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. It follows Harry Potter, a wizard in his fourth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and the mystery surrounding the entry of Harry's name into the Triwizard Tournament, in which he is forced to compete.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix:-

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. It follows Harry Potter's struggles through his fifth year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort, O.W.L. exams, and an obstructive Ministry of Magic.

The novel was published on 21 June 2003 by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom, Scholastic in the United States, and Raincoast in Canada. Five million copies were sold in the first 24 hours of publication.It is the longest book of the series.

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince:-

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the sixth and penultimate novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. Set during protagonist Harry Potter's sixth year at Hogwarts, the novel explores the past of Harry's nemesis, Lord Voldemort, and Harry's preparations for the final battle against Voldemort alongside his headmaster and mentor Albus Dumbledore.

Reviewers noted that the book took on a darker tone than its predecessors, though it did contain some humour. Some considered the main themes to be love and death, and trust and redemption. The character development of Harry and several other teenage characters was also remarked upon.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows:-

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. The book was released on 21 July 2007 by Bloomsbury Publishing in the United Kingdom, in the United States by Scholastic, and in Canada by Raincoast Books, ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone.

The title of the book refers to three mythical objects featured in the story, collectively known as the "Deathly Hallows"—an unbeatable wand, a stone to bring the dead to life, and a cloak of invisibility.
Major themes in the novel are death and living in a corrupted society, and critics have compared them to Christian allegories. Generally well-received, the book won the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award, and the American Library Association named it a "Best Book for Young Adults". A two-part film adaptation began showing in November 2010 when Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released; Part 2 was released on 15 July 2011.

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The effect of Colonialism in 'Things Fall Apart'

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Name:- Poojaba S.Gohil
Class:- M.A.Sem-4
Paper No.:- 14 The African Literature
Assignment Topic:- The effect of Colonialism in 'Things Fall Apart'
Submitted To:- MKBU Dept Of English
Year:- 2015-17

Introduction:-

Things Fall Apart is a post-colonial novel written by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe in 1958. This novel is about the history of African culture, community which was suppressed one. Likewise this novel separated into three parts such as:

First section, it is describing his family and personal history, the customs and society of the Ibo.

Second section and Third sections, it is introducing the influence of British colonialism and Christian missionaries on the Ibo community.

Things Fall Apart was first published in 1958.Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe portrays a stunning moment in African history- the imposition of colonial rule with sympathy and dignity, focusing on the complexity and integrity of pre-colonial Igbo life, and the turmoil resulting from British rule.

Chinua Achebe’s goals were modest when he began to conceive and write Things Fall Apart in the early 1950s:

‘I was quite certain that I was going to try my hand at writing, and one of the things that set me thinking was Joyce Cary’s novel set in Nigeria, Mister Johnson, which was praised so much, and it was clear to me that this was a most superficial picture… and so I thought if this was famous, then perhaps someone ought to try and look at this from the inside’.

Achebe’s project of looking at Nigerian culture from the inside was going to move more slowly than he might have expected, however.

                                 Achebe's novel can mostly be seen as a narrative on the life of a single member in an African tribe, but on a bigger and deeper perspective, the book embodies the collective situation and life of the African people at the time wherein outside forces are trying to change the traditional practices of the people. In the novel, the strong warrior by the name of Okonkwo is depicted as the protagonist and his various struggles concerning his tribe and the changing times are shown.

Okonkwo is heralded as a most apt and talented farmer from the clan of Umuofia and has become quite known for having such positive and appreciated traits. However, Okonkwo is having a hard time in trying to reign in his personality as he refrains from becoming like his father while trying to keep with the traditions and culture of his people. In the end though, as the English colonizers try to teach the people regarding the “truth” on God and certain practices, Okonkwo realizes that he cannot keep up with the changing times. He takes his own life in the end as the remaining people of his clan fully embrace change and the new things that the colonizers are teaching them.

Colonialism:-
Colonialism is the establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition, and expansion of colony in one territory by a political power from another territory.

From the very beginning African people suffers and struggled lot. That’s why they conditioned by such things and believed that they are inferior. But in this novel we can clearly see the real voice of Chinua Achebe. Sometimes it happens that native people habituated by white people and don’t think to their own way.

The connection between Achebe’s reading of the colonial novel and his decision to become a writer is fundamental to our understanding of the cultural function of Things Fall Apart: ‘I suddenly saw that these books had to be read in a different light. Reading Heart of Darkness, for instance… I realized that I was one of those savages jumping up and down on the beach. Once that kind of enlightenment comes to you, you realize that someone has to write a different story’.

In the novel, it is quite evident that Okonkwo is the central figure. However, his life is not the central point or theme in the novel. Instead, the theme relies on how the battle of tradition versus modernization takes place in the form of the culture of Okonkwo's clan and the teachings of the English colonizers; as how Gikandi (2000) puts it:

    The central theme of the novel is what happens to the values that define Okonkwo's cultural community, and his own sense of moral order, when the institutions he and fought so hard to sustain collapse in the face of European colonialism.

It may be seen that European colonialism is something which is vile as it has totally destroyed the culture and traditions of a group of people which in turn destroyed their identity. However, in how Okonkwo and his tribesmen practice their tradition, it can be seen that colonialism also has good effects since it has stripped the rather inhumane and illogical practices of the people such as how they exalt cultural violence. This type of violence can be seen in certain practices they had like “ritual sacrifices, punishment for crimes, and other kinds of communal sanctioned violence” which is normal and accepted by the clan but is not entirely humane to the missionaries (Hoegberg, 1999, 69). Of all the positive effects of colonialism as appearing in the novel and more than the economic progress it brings, it is the lessening of ignorance of the clan and the opening of the avenue for new knowledge and erasure of such violent cultural practices which is more poignant and more impacting.

    On the other hand, colonialism has also had its negative and appalling effects by how the missionaries and the European officers have completely stripped the identity of the tribe and more than forced them to accept the new teachings while eradicating the tribe's previous teachings with the argument that such things were not true. It is not a matter of whether such traditions are true or not—what matters is that a person practices ethical customs that does not strip away the basic human right of anybody. Ironically, while colonialism wanted to put forth new knowledge on “true” faith and eradicating unlawful customs, the nature of forcing the Christian faith towards people who are reluctant to accept them can also be judged as an unlawful act.

    In conclusion, there are many aspects of how colonialism can affect a certain group or certain person as how it was portrayed in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Economically and socially, colonialism shows its effects by the growing opportunities given to people, making them more prosperous and more open to a wide avenue of profits and discovery. On the aspect of culture, religion and traditional practices, it is inevitable that those things take a complete turn for change as people would tend to be more open or forced to new knowledge and information, making them re-think on the previous things they do know and practice.These aspects in turn affect the most important facet of the person or the people which is the psychological aspect—in trying to influence how a person or the group thinks, it will pave the way and become the determiner if there would be a chance for a change to occur. The effects of colonialism can be seen in two ways as with all things in this world, as either positive or negative and it should be accepted as such.

While colonialism showed that something as important to the people like tradition and culture can be erased or changed, it is undeniable that colonialism has also brought on positive changes for the people. In the end though, what matters is that it is important to not lose one's sense of identity in the process of change and still keep one's own pride in heritage, culture and tradition—while people embrace modernity, one should never forget one's history.

Development of Television & it's performance as a means of Education

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Name:- Poojaba S.Gohil

Class:- M.A.Sem-4

Paper No.:- 15 Mass Communication & Media Studies-An Introduction

Assignment Topic:- Development of Television & it's performance as a means of Education

Submitted To:- MKBU Dept Of English

Year:- 2015-17

Introduction of Television:-

  How can we say that television is more important in our life? Can we imagine world without television. Radio, TV, Computer or any other tools through us get information. Television also includes so many programmes to children to adult. It’s not measure any age group. Entertainment, knowledge, news of whole world, education, politics, economics, these all things are included in this. So, without television we can’t imagine our world.

Television in India is a huge industry which has thousands of programmes in many languages. The small screen has produced numerous celebrities, of whom, a few attain national fame, and go on to become members of the two houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. More than half of all Indian households own a television. As of 2012, the country has a collection of over 823 channels of which 184 are pay channels.

The story of Indian Television:-

For more than a decade, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting managed to hold out against demands from educational institutions, industrialists, politicians and indeed the middle classes in urban areas for the introduction of Television. But the 1959, Philips made an offer to the Government of a transmitter at a reduced cost. Earlier Philip demonstrated its use at an exhibition in New Delhi. The Government gave in, with the aim of employing it on an experimental basis ‘to train personnel, and partly to discover what TV could achieve in community development and formal education A UNESCO grant of 20,000 for the purchase of community receivers and a United States offer of some equipment proved much too tempting to resist, and on September 15, 1959, the Delhi Television centre went on air.

Entertainment and information programmes were introduced from August 1965, in addition to social education programmes for which purpose alone TV had been introduced in the capital. The Federal Republic of Germany helped in setting up a TV production studio.

In 1977, terrestrial transmitter were put up at Jaipur, Hyderabad, Raipur, Gulbarga, Sambhalpur and Muzaffarpur, to, extend Television coverage to a population of more than 100 million. For the first time in the history of Indian broadcasting, political parties shared equal Radio and TV time with the ruling party for their election campaigns. At the close of the 1990s, there were 58 million Television sets in the country, with around 15 million connected to neighborhood cable networks.

Television Channels and networks:-

The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991 under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao. Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters to engage in limited operations in India. This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal administrations.
Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic channels such as Zee TV, ETV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts. Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, TV in India covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400 million individuals through more than 100 channels.

Cable Television:-

As per the TAM Annual Universe Update – 2015, India now has over 167 million households with television sets, of which over 161 million have access to Cable TV or Satellite TV, including 84 million households which are DTH subscribers.
Digital TV households have grown by 32% since 2013 due to migration from terrestrial and analog broadcasts. TV owning households have been growing at between 8-10%. Digital TV penetration is at 64% as of September 2014.
The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitization policy by the Government of India. An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the Cable Services.

According to this amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making Digital Addressable System mandatory. As per the policy, viewers would be able to access digital services only through a set top box (STB).It is also estimated that India now has over 823 TV channels covering all the main languages spoken in the nation.

Star TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space that had so far been monopolized by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan:
            MTV
            Star Plus
            Star Movies
            BBC
            Prime Sports
            Star Chinese Channel

Soon after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian channel to broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN). A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made their foray into India.

Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi -language channels, several regional and English language channels flourished all over India. By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing service.

In 1999–2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market. Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages; the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak.

The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more new channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.

      Conditional Access System:-

CAS or conditional access system is a digital mode of transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB). The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

It was decided by the government that CAS would be first introduced in the four metros. It has been in place in Chennai since September 2003, where until very recently it had managed to attract very few subscribers. It has been rolled out recently in the other three metros of Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

As of April 2008 only 25 per cent of the people have subscribed the new technology. The rest watch only free-to-air channels. As mentioned above, the inhibiting factor from the viewer's perspective is the cost of the STB.

       Satellite Television:-
As of 2012, over 823 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, News Corporation owned Star TV, Sony owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asia net.
Direct to Home service is provided by Airtel Digital TV, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.

Tata Sky Dish India:-
These services are provided by locally built satellites from ISRO such as INSAT 4CR, INSAT 4A, INSAT-2E, INSAT-3C and INSAT-3E as well as private satellites such as the Dutch-based SES, Global-owned NSS6, Thaicom-2 and Telstar 10.
Cable TV is through cable networks and DTH is wireless, reaching direct to the consumer through a small dish and a set-top box. Although the government has ensured that free-to-air channels on cable are delivered to the consumer without a set-top box, DTH signals cannot be received without the set-top box.

Internet Protocol Television:-
IPTV a joint venture between MTNL and BSNL also in association with Aksh Optifiber a company that also provides FTTH and VoIP services available in some of the main cities in India such as Mumbai which has about 200 Television Channels on offer with Time Shift TV in a number of Basic and Premium Packages including Movies on Demand offered at various Basic, Premium and Pay Per View Rates and other services such as an Interactive Karaoke channel, The IPTV Operator uses the UT Star com Rolling Stream IPTV Solution as its end-to-end Delivery Platform.

ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION:-

Television has been given considerable importance in many countries as a source and a tool of teaching.  The success stories of using television for education in many countries has negated the concept that television is basically on entertainment oriented medium and it is hostile to thoughts.  Television is adaptable and can follow different approaches when used in the different educational situations.  The medium is used for formal, non-formal and informal education.  To support formal education, television usually function as supportive and reinforcement tool.  Television can be attached with school curriculum and time tables.  When systematically organized it takes the form of school broadcast.  In non-formal education, television has a more specific role to play.  When used as a part of multi-media communication tool, television can directly or indirectly teach the subject matter.

Importance of television to communicate information, idea, skills and attitudes has been affirmed by researches.  You should attempt to study various reports published on educational television in different countries in different situations.  In the words of Director BBC “next to home and school I believer television to have a more profound influence on human race then any other medium of communication.”
If media is to work as an effective teaching tool then certainly it is helping hand towards, achieving the aim and objectives of education.  Media is an agent of boost cultural economic and social development activity.  Television, as an important mass medium disseminates education through formal and information methods.
Television also continues to benefit the masses by making them conscious of the environment, rights, duties and privilege.  It is a source of teaching etiquettes, language skills, hobbies, social relations and religious believes.
Role of television is neither fixed nor easily tangible and measurable. The role is directly related to the question of how the planners are serious and determined to use television.  The role could either be enormous or, on the contrary very meager depending upon the specific tasks and available resources.  Generally television can help to achieve the following objectives:-
a)        Social quality in education
b)        Enhance quality in education
c)         Reduce dependency on verbal teaching and teachers
d)        Provide flexibility of time and space in learning.
e)        Stimulates learning
f)         Provide mass education opportunities.
As far the impact of education television it should rather be studied in more narrow and specific areas.  In the world of scram; TV is more effective in teaching mathematic, science and social studies.  Where as history, humanities, and literature has not benefited from this medium the same degree.
The impact of television on macro level should be studied in three areas namely;
i)          Teacher’s Competencies
ii)         Student’s Competencies
iii)        Effects on general viewers
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES OF AIOU
AIOU is a distance learning institution.  Students in this system are not supposed to come at campus for class study.  However, the “open learning system” of AIOU is not absolutely parallel to that of independent studies by the private and external students who are registered with the boards or universities and appear only for the final examination.  They get degree on successful completion of terms.  AIOU learning system is more systematic and disciplined.
For the purpose of educational programme of AIOU, electronic media is used for a variety of purposes depending on the requirement of the courses and teaching methodologies.  Follow is the summary of various uses of television;
i)          To show practical application of principle already written in the textbooks and to show the laboratory work and demonstrations.
ii)        To humanize distance education and to improve language skills and teaching skills by showing model teaching techniques.
iii)        To show real life situation and microscope things on magnified scale
iv)       Animations, dramatic presentations, slow motions and case studies.
AIOU has so far produced more than four hundred television programmes and many non-broadcast audio-visual cassettes.  Slide tapes and flip charts are also used as visual media.  Television is used in sciences, technical and vocational subjects. The demonstration through television helps to substitute the laboratory experiments.  In social science and language, television is used to show real life situation. Television also helps to understand information, which is too complex for the written or spoken explanation.